"How windy is it, Jack?"
"Blowin' dogs off chains, I reckon."
Over the years, I've seen some breeze. Growing up in S.Cal at the foot of a mountain canyon, Santanas were a frequent winter visitor. In '72 we tried to get to weather in the Bermuda Race in what we later learned was Hurricane Andrew. A triple reef main, storm jib, and rum below seemed to be the optimum rig on the ultra-light 68 foot schooner NEW WORLD. A few years later, in the '79 Fastnet Race storm, as we approached the Fastnet Rock off Ireland on iMP, a force 10 gust removed our storm jib, halyard, and inner forestay as one.,
Down the coast at Point Sur Lighthouse, back in the days (pre-1974) when that lonely sentinel had lighthouse keepers and their families, it was usually so windy the chickens were only let out of their hen houses if they were clipped into tethers.
The most wind I've seen was likely on the E. Side of the Sierra, near the little town of Lee Vining, along Highway 395. As I drove north, I passed half a dozen 18 wheeler trucks on their sides. Just downhill, Mono lake was beyond frothy. The spume on the lake's surface was being blown bodily east by the downslope winds. I pulled into the Mono Lake Visitor Center, and could barely open the front door against the weight of the breeze. "What's it blowing?" I asked the ranger. He looked at his anemometer and said, "70."
"Is that knots or miles per hour," I asked? "Miles per hour," he said.
The measurement of wind has been a fascinating science since the 15th Century, the first anemometer being invented in 1450. Even the Mayans had means to measure wind. In 1846 the spinning cup anemometer was invented, and in 1926 today's 3 Cup anemometer became the norm.
Even with science, modern technology, and electronics, measuring wind remains imprecise. When was the last time you saw anyone calibrating their anemometer? How would you do that? Using a wind tunnel is how, not a likely scenario.
There's about a dozen different types of anemometers, each with its own complexity and accuracy There's the cup anemometer, the propeller anemometer, a sonic anemometer, a laser/doppler anemometer. A thermal flow anemometer, a pitot tube, and a windsock. WILDFLOWER's anemometer is a pingpong ball on a string, that rises as the wind increases and can be read against a calibrated scale. Sufficiently accurate for my needs.
Instrumentation is not necessarily needed to measure wind speed. Visual cues can suffice. Glassy water begins to wrinkle at 3 knots. Whitecaps appear at about 14 knots. It's called the Beaufort Scale. Usually at about 100 knots, the means to measure the wind speed blows away.
When we do measure wind speed, is it the True Wind (TWS) or Apparent Wind (AWS) we are feeling? A common mistake of many sailors is not differentiating. Another error is not knowing what units are being used, knots, miles/hour, or meters/second. Even the pros at the National Weather Service fall victim to confusing units, transcribing one for the other. Usually, knots is the correct unit measurement over water.
Due to surface friction, the higher the anemometer, the stronger the wind. It can be blowing 5 knots on deck, and twice that at the masthead. Air density also matters as to what wind speed is registered, as does temperature. Temperature can change bearing friction on many anemometers, causing significant errors. When was the last time the anemometer was lubricated? I was once puzzled why the Pt. Pinos wind speed and direction always remained the same: SE @4. I visited the Pinos Lighthouse, climbed the fence, ascended the Coast Guard tower, and found the anemometer and vane totally rusted. WD-40 anyone?
Most anemometers send electronic pulses, like depth sounders, to the deck level instrumentation. But what happens to the accuracy of the masthead pulsation if the boat is heeled over and the spinning cups are not horizontal to the wind? Another potential source of error.
Windspeed and its measurement. Much to be learned. The Weather Channel would like you to turn on your TV. I say just open your window. If your cereal has waves in the milk, the cat retreats to the next room, and Berkeley Marina's American flag stands straight out from the pole, you have Beaufort Force 5 (15-21 knots) or greater. Time to think about a reef.