Someone asked the other day what was causing all the rudder problems in this TransPac. I was wondering if this wasn't just the typical attrition rate, but given the sinking of OEX, perhaps there's a greater awareness because of the number of news articles covering the rescue this year. Does anyone have data on this from years past? It would be interesting to see an analysis on it that includes the type of boat, what broke and why (if possible).
Due to missing and incomplete reports, it's difficult to analyze Transpac incidents and their causes.
One would believe equipment failures would lessen in modern times thanks to improved engineering and materials, coupled with lighter, faster boats lessening loads and more prepared and experienced crews. Curiously this has not proven true. The 2019 Transpac had more compromised steering incidents (7) than any previous race partly a result of record entry numbers (90) and the consistent wind and seas that produced high average speeds that put a premium on the steering integrity of both crew and boat.
Though Transpacific Race records date back to 1906, the dawn of fiberglass boats, aluminum spars and spade rudders racing to Hawaii began in 1965 with the appearance of the Cal-40. Since '65, there have been 66 Transpac races from California to Hawaii: 28 Transpacs (to Honolulu), 20 Singlehanded Transpacs (to Kauai), and 19 Pacific Cups (to Kauai and Kaneohe Bay.)
Prior to 1965, Transpac racers were mono-hulls with wooden hull and spars. Such construction was generally less robust: it was an (expensive) badge of honor to finish with a splintered spinnaker pole or a jury rigged (“fished”) main boom. In 1959 the 161' schooner GOODWILL finished first, re-rigged mid-ocean as a ketch after the 2 ton, main topmast broke. (See
sleddog post #2789 of 8/27/2018 for this dramatic story.
https://www.sfbaysss.org/forum/showthread.php?655-New-Boat-4-Sled&p=21493#post21493)
The 1977 Transpac had the most dismastings, 5 total, all occurring in the same area on a dark night during frequent strong squalls with confused cross seas. Carrying too much sail for the conditions was the primary blame. But there were other causes. Sailing by the lee was one.
Noteworthy, all 5 broken boats assembled jury rigs and logged excellent daily runs to the finish, NALU IV posting 165, 175, 162, and 175 mile 24 hour runs, while the Cal-40 CONCUBINE averaged 164 miles, and INCREDIBLE laid down a 184 mile day. In those days, Transpac racers were required to carry a heavy duty banding tool and stainless strapping for just such jury rig eventualities. For unknown reasons, this requirement has been discontinued.
Polling 66 Transpac Races (I do not include the Victoria to Maui Race as I don't have sufficient records) I have posted below the average percentage of racers per race suffering breakage or other disabling events. The average combined fleet size for the Honolulu Transpac, Pacific Cup, and Singlehanded Transpac has been 47 boats. These are not definitive numbers, some are estimates, and I welcome alternate thinking.
Dismastings = 3%
Broken spar or attachment (boom, spinnaker pole) other than mast = 5%
Steering Loss, all or partial = 7% (broken rudder, chain, quadrant sheave, bearing, tiller, etc.)
Loss or Reduction of Charging Ability = 3%
Significant Loss of Potable Water = 2% (leak, pressure water or watermaker failure,)
Sail Breakage = 50%
Loss of an AutoPilot or self steering (SHTP only) = 65%
MOB = .5% (4 in 49 races, excluding SHTP)
Failure of Compass Light = 20%
Detritus fouling keel, prop, or rudder, or hitting something = 65%
Instrumentation, Tracker, Radio Failure, All or Partial = 35%
Serious Medical Issue = 5% (skull fracture, perforated ulcer, broken ribs, staph infection.)
Sea Sickness = 75%
Retiring from Race = 6%
Abandonment of Vessel during Race = (5 total, 2 in SHTP, 1 in Honolulu Transpac, 2 in Pac Cup)
Loss of Vessel after Finish and Before Return to Mainland. = (9)
Other Unanticipated = 5%. Loss of mast on port tack J-36 GRYPHON in 1981 in prestart maneuvers when snagging rigs with mizzen of NATOMA; loss of skeg on 73 foot maxi GREYBEARD; loss of MEDICINE MAN just upwind and inshore of finish line when colliding with Diamond Head Reef; professional cook jumping overboard at West End of Catalina and retrieved by spectator boat; missing the finish due to navigational error (3).
In 1979 Transpac MERLIN lost cooking ability half way due to failure of a $12 propane regulator. (The top of the engine was used to heat water and fry eggs.) A Santana 35, FRIENDSHIP, with a broken rudder, was lifted aboard Navy ship in the 1980 Pac Cup.
The potential for jury rigging repairs while racing Transpacs has been part of the sport since early beginnings, and remains a valuable skill to this day. Needless to say, the better prepared and tested a boat and crew are, the lessening of chances of calamity.
Just because the rudder has gone, or the mast broken, doesn't necessarily mean DNF. In some exceptions broken boats have won trophies. Here are just a few memories . The schooner FLYING CLOUD in 1949 sailed the last two days with jury rigged steering after watching their rudder bob to the surface and float away behind. FLYING CLOUD continued racing, won Class A, and was only a few hours from winning overall.
RAGTIME in 1981 came flying down the Molokai Channel with no rudder, steering with twin jibs.
And who can forget CHEVAL in 1995 losing her mast on the last jibe before the Molokai Channel, her crew quickly jury rigging allowing CHEVAL to average over 8 knots for the last 40 miles and win the Barn Door Trophy.
And of course there is our own RUBEN on the 26' SPARKY who sailed the last 500 miles of the 2008 SHTP under jury rig.
PS: If you have a question or would like further details about above incidents or percentages, please post here and I will try to be more definitive.