As a boatlore archeologist, I am fascinated by improbable voyages. When a friend recently told me her grandfather helped build Destroyers in Pittsburgh during WWII, I was skeptical. I was unfamiliar with inland rivers and waterways, and the steel companies that lined the rivers' banks at Pittsburgh. If true, how could they get these heavily armed, narrow and deep, 350 foot warships to saltwater?
The Dravo Corporation in Pittsburg was begun in 1891 by brothers Frank and Richard Dravo. The Dravo brothers. were highly skilled in mechanical engineering and metallurgy, similar to the famous Herreshoffs of steam engine and yacht design fame. The Dravo's expanding company helped design and build the San Francisco Bay Bridge in the early 1930's, also sections of the Los Angeles water aqueduct.
With an increase in inland river traffic in the early 20th Century, in 1919 the Dravo shipbuilding yard was built on Neville Island on the Ohio River, close downstream of the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers at Pittsburgh. Downstream of Neville Island, the Ohio River rarely froze and allowed ship movement even in winter.
In 1929, the Dravo Corporation introduced electrical welding of steel plates for mass producing river barges. This welding technique, along with assembly line prefabrication and mass production, ultimately made rivet construction of ships obsolete, and greatly speeded up shipbuilding, of vital importance for the coming world war.
During WW II, the Dravo Corporation, occupied much of Neville Island and became the lead designer and builder for the Landing Ship Tank (LST), 330 feet long and 50 foot beam, a new class of flat bottomed landing craft that could carry many soldiers and more than twenty tanks and trucks, and, with a fold down bow, land them directly onto a beach. It was the Dravo Corp.'s LSTs that made possible the successful Allied invasions in Italy, Normandy, and all the major island campaigns in the Pacific.
During the the World War II years, Dravo Corp in Pittsburgh built 670 LST's, one every three days, an amazing number. The same was happening at the four Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, CA, where Liberty and Victory ships were being launched at a rate of three/day, 747 ships in total.
In March 1942 Dravo became the first corporation to receive the Army-Navy Award for outstanding war time production. By then, there were close to 16,000 ship building workers on Neville Island, over 3,000 of whom were women.
Alongside the mass produced LST's, Dravo built 29 Destroyer Escorts (DE's). These were smaller (about 300 feet), less expensive and slower (24 knots) than the larger, full size Destroyers (35 knots). But DE's were of great value hunting down German submarines and escorting convoys, and made a significant impact on winning the war in the Atlantic.
No Destroyers were built in Pittsburgh, just DE's.
The DE's were launched sideways into the Ohio, the first being the U.S.S. JENKS on Sept.11, 1943. The DE's were then towed 2,000 miles out the Ohio and down the Mississippi to New Orleans, and Orange, Texas, where their engines and armament were fitted. Without being fully loaded, the Destroyer Escorts drew about 8 feet of water. Previously, the Ohio had been dredged and made navigable by a series of 51 locks and dams, many built by the Dravo Corp., that allowed 9' of draft to be carried for its full length.
The answer to my mystery question is: the war ships built and launched into the freshwater of the Ohio River at Pittsburgh went west, out the Ohio River to Cairo, Illinois, south on the Mississippi to New Orleans, and ultimately into the salt water Caribbean.
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After WW II ended, American shipbuilding suffered a massive decline, for the war had produced a glut of ships. In addition, foreign competition eventually spelled doom for an industry that had prided itself on winning the naval war and being part of America's industrial backbone.
For Dravo, the transition back to peacetime was as sudden as the gearing-up had been. Neville Island employment numbers dropped from 16,000 to 1,123. The company continued to prosper, however, by focusing on river transport, specializing in barges and tugboats, and by moving into new lines of business.
From the 1950s through the 1990s, Dravo's shipbuilding skills translated into steel fabrication of everything from intake and outtake pipes to steel frame construction to nuclear reactor cores. Despite its many successes, Dravo would not remain an independent company; the last division was sold in 1998.