The weather condition, that has 3 letters is why Monterey can't be seen from Santa Cruz most of the year. FOG.
Holy Guacamole, H.Spruit is correct that FOG was likely the main weather event in 1769 that prevented the Portola "Sacred Expediton" from identifying the Monterey Peninsula and its "all weather port of refuge". Portola and 5 soldiers had stood on top of Mulligan Hill, 11 miles north of Monterey, to try and identify the Monterey Peninsula, but failed to see the prominent landmass hidden in the late summer fog.
Ironically, it was the coastal fog that allowed the Portola Expedition to "discover" San Francisco Bay. After missing Monterey, Portola kept tramping north up the coast, passing through what is now my hometown of Santa Cruz, before capturing a view of San Francisco Bay from the hills above.
Fog, as well as the prevailing northwesterly winds, had prevented passing ships from discovering San Francisco Bay, as the narrow Golden Gate is often shrouded in fog. Even knowing San Francisco Bay existed, Lt. Juan Ayala had a difficult time locating the Golden Gate and entering the Bay, the first to do so under sail, on August 5, 1775.
Ayala, like many modern day mariners, had not enjoyed his "Baja Bash" on his little ship SAN CARLOS. It took the SAN CARLOS 101 days to sail up the California coast to Monterey, then an additional 9 days to sail the 90 miles from Monterey to the Golden Gate.
Not only was the SAN CARLOS unweatherly, and an overloaded and near wreck of a ship, but the crew was scurvy ridden. It is to Ayala's great credit for allowing the SAN CARLOS to be flushed into uncharted San Francisco Bay on a flood tide by the light of a dim moon, before dropping anchor in today's Richardson Bay, off Sausalito. Ayala was a hurting puppy, having accidentally shot himself in the foot during the long voyage of the SAN CARLOS, and never did get to enjoy the discoveries his crew made of Angel and Yerba Buena Islands, the South Bay, and the Sacramento River at the mouth of the Delta
So yes, our prevailing coastal fog played a significant part in the discovery and charting of the California Coast.
Good thing Lt. Ayala only shot himself in the foot and not elsewhere, or we may not have had picturesque Ayala Cove on beautiful Angel Island to visit.